![]() ![]() Bone tissue engineering provides three-dimensional (3D) structures called scaffolds for new bone tissue regeneration using biomaterials, cells, and growth factors. Therefore, the research has headed for other solutions via tissue engineering. Allografts also have the risk of immune rejection and disease transmission. However, they have a number of shortcomings including the limited sources and donor site morbidity. Bone autografts are considered the gold standard treatment. In these conditions, therefore, a medical remedy is required to stabilize, align and support the damaged bone region to restore the lost function. Large defects, however, are never completely reinstated because their sizes are beyond the limit up to which the bones can repair. Nevertheless, they have a remarkable capacity to repair and heal themselves after trauma and illness. Furthermore, the review paper describes the advantages and limitations of 3D printing technologies applied to the production of bone tissue scaffolds.īones in human body are prone to damage due to different causes such as fractures, diseases, and infections. It also provides information on the optimization of scaffold’s internal architecture, advanced materials, and process parameters to achieve the best biomimetic performance. This review paper first discusses the development of a computer-aided-design (CAD) approach for the manufacture of bone scaffolds, from the anatomical data acquisition to the final model. Therefore, it facilitates the production of advanced bone scaffolds with the feasibility of making changes to the model. Additive manufacturing or three-dimensional (3D) printing is capable of fabricating functional physical components with or without porosity by depositing the materials layer-by-layer using 3D computer models. On the other hand, various bone defect sizes and sites require a cost-effective readily adaptive manufacturing technique to provide components (scaffolds) matching with the anatomical shape of the bone defect. However, their constituents, proportions, sizes, configurations and their connection to each other are a challenge to manufacturing. Hybrid materials such as those with functionally graded properties are highly needed in tissue replacement and repair. Advances in biomaterials and the need for patient-specific bone scaffolds require modern manufacturing approaches in addition to a design strategy. ![]()
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